Behaviorism Theory On The Theory Of Behaviorism Essay

One of the theories we have studied this semester in Knowing and Learning in Mathematics and Science is the Behaviorism theory. The behaviorism theory states that behaviorism is a theory on learning that only concentrates on noticeably observable behaviors and disregards any independent activities of the mind. The Behaviorism theory was brought up by Burrhus Frederic Skinner. He based this theory on operant conditioning. This theory has a reinforcing stimulus which can be modified into continuous reinforcement, a fixed ratio schedule, a fixed interval schedule and variable schedules. This allows to shape the behavior of the individual to have a certain outcome. Behaviorism can be described as an assumption that a learner is passive meaning that it responds to its environmental stimuli. The behavior can be shaped by positive and negative reinforcement no matter of previous history. The reinforcement increases the possibility of a behavior to happen again. It is stated that behaviorism is a predecessor to cognitive learning. One of the five most important elements of the behaviorism theory is the reinforcing stimulus. By reinforcing the stimulus it has an effect on the behavior occurring before the reward. This is key to this theory. The second most important elements of the behaviorism theory is schedules of reinforcement. As a result of scheduling the reinforcement it allows the behavior to continue without giving a reward every time the behavior is demonstrated. ThereShow MoreRelatedBehaviorism And The Theory Of Behaviorism1816 Words   |  8 Pageslearning theories, developments and techniques have been created, adjusted and disseminated throughout the years. Throughout history, psychologists, scientists, and other professionals have attempted to understand and explain the unexplainable. Others have tried to reason their own personal beliefs into existence as the status quo. However, to fully understand the complexity of evolution, one must begin at the beginning of an era. In this paper, the starting point resides with behaviorism. NugentRead MoreBehaviorism Vs. Behaviorism Theory849 Words   |  4 PagesBehaviorism Approach to Life According to Ciccarelli and White (2010), behaviorism is the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only. An example of this is the environment a person is exposed to determines their behavior affecting their personality (McLeod, 2007). Furthermore, personality determines a person’s motivations and goals in life. With this said, this theory assist in better understanding interactions with people every day. For instance, all people have their own uniqueRead MoreThe Theory of Behaviorism900 Words   |  4 PagesA significant piece of several psychological theories in the late nineteenth century was introspection, which is â€Å"the examination or observation of ones own mental and emotional processes† (Press, 2013). In retort to this theory behaviorism came about. Behaviorism is predominantly concerned with observable and measurable aspects of human behavior. In other words behaviorism does not look at the biological aspects but it suggests that all be haviors are learned habits and changes in response to theRead MoreBehaviorism And Behaviorism Theories Of Psychology Essay1322 Words   |  6 Pagesvery active in nature. Behaviorism says that you have to look at psychology in a way that is observable and objective. The main focus was on how we react to stimuli. Unlike Ebbinghaus both James’s view and behaviorism stray from introspection as opposed to observation. Gestalt psychology emphasized people’s tendency to organize the information they receive. Like behaviorism and James’s view, Gestalt psychology did not agree with Ebbinghaus’s introspection. Unlike behaviorism Gestalt psychology didRead MoreThe Theories Of The Theory Of Behaviorism854 Words   |  4 Pagesperson and the situation and environment to coexist, we must look at the idea of introspection and the theory of behaviorism. Behavioral methods are not only useful to observe development and how it happens, but also to understand how and why behavioral abnormalities such as phobias happen. I will flesh out behaviorism and share some personal experiences. Early developments in the behavioral theory are primarily focused on conditioning. Ivan Pavlov was the first major behaviorist and discovered classicalRead MoreTheories Of Behaviorism And Cognitivism Essay2002 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction As two classic theories of learning and teaching, behaviorism and cognitivism have inspired a lot of great thinkers to make contributions to education. It is essential to point out the differences between the two theories so as to study how these two theories have been implemented to educational experiences. Studies have been made on the comparison on the two theories and their contribution to educational experiences. Bates (2016) had detailed analyses on the both theories and how they can beRead MoreLearning Theories : Theory Of Behaviorism1037 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Theories Essay Behaviorism focuses on a new behavioral pattern being repeated until it becomes automatic. The theory of behaviorism concentrates on the study of overt behaviors that can be observed and measured (Good Brophy, 1990). It views the mind as a black box in the sense that response to stimulus can be observed quantitatively, totally ignoring the possibility of thought processes occurring in the mind. Some key players in the development of the behaviorist theory were Pavlov,Read MoreTheories Of Behaviorism And Constructivism754 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Behaviorism and constructivism are learning theories which stem from two philosophical schools of thought which provide a structured foundation for planning and teaching instructional tasks. Behaviorism is based on observable changes in behavior. Any concept can be learned if it is repeated enough until it becomes automatic. Some key players in the development of the behaviorist theory include Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike and Skinner. Constructivism is based on the premise that weRead MoreThe Theories Of Psychology And Behaviorism2081 Words   |  9 Pagesdo are all topics that psychology cover. Many great thinkers and scientists have taken up their time into developing laws and theories in this broad field of science. Among the vanguard of some of the more eminent scientists is Abraham Maslow. Before the time of Maslow, psychology was much more negative in nature. Theories like psychoanalytic psychology and behaviorism were more attentive on the primal nature of humans. For Sigmund Frued, the founder of psychoanalysis, human behavior is deeply subjectiveRead MoreA Reflection On Behaviorism Theory849 Words   |  4 Pages My assessment also shows my behavior reveals that I’m a loving individual. I always want the best for people and depart out of my way to do little special things for them by nature I am a giver. I choose behaviorism theory because I’m more intimate with this theory, it’s the most theory that I will have to deal with more when I began the job that I am going to because there will be a lot of children and teenagers with different beha viors around me, some good and some that are bad. With this behavior

Theme Of Grotesque In The Tell Tale Heart - 987 Words

The definition of madness is the state of being mentally ill, especially severely. There are a great number of connections between the Gothic genre and the state of madness, such as the obsession with death and the deceased, as well as an infatuation with the grotesque. The mad often claim to witness supernatural phenomenon which are continuously depicted within the Gothic genre. With such a copious amount of connections it is not difficult to imagine that some if not most Gothic characters act as though they are mad. In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† by Edgar Allan Poe Gothic elements are used to convey the madness of the narrator to the reader. The grotesque and an unreliable narrator appear which shows that â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† can be†¦show more content†¦A sane man would feel very guilty after murdering an old man over something as insignificant as the appearance of one of his eyes. Retelling such a despicable act would be very difficult for a sane perpet rator and would likely not come in out in such vividly grotesque detail. In this story, the Gothic element of the grotesque shows how the narrator makes terrible decisions with terrible consequences and how he does not feel guilty for killing the old man. Both of these characteristics point strongly to the narrator being a madman. Secondly, the narrator of â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† is a man who not only claims to have a mental disease, but also kills an old man due to his gross eye. Is a mentally ill murderer a narrator who is worthy of the reader’s trust? â€Å"The disease had sharpened my senses - not destroyed - not dulled them. Above all was the sense of hearing acute.† (1) The disease that the narrator references in this quotation is a mental disorder. The narrator describes a sharpening of the senses and acute hearing. These two symptoms paired with the fact that he hears the old man’s heartbeat start to become louder and louder after killing and decapitating him, point to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a disorder caused by an overload of sensory data, it often causes its sufferers to hear voices and noises that are not real. This could easily explain theShow MoreRelatedThe Grotesque In Gothic Literature : The Characteristics Of Gothic Literature1600 Words   |  7 PagesT he grotesque in gothic is usually the behavior of a man (or women,) who battle with an internal conflict and they are also, usually sick. When an individual reads gothic stories, one can sometimes miss-interpret what they have read. It is common knowledge that when we are younger we understand things differently from when we grot be adults. We can infer that if one was too read gothic literature as a child, one would find it humorous, versus if that individual was to read gothic literature as anRead MoreThe Gothic Theme of Edgar Allen Poes Work1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthe ambivalence of the grotesque and arabesque. Through thematic conventions of the Gothic genre, literary devices and his own auteur, Edgar Allan Poe’s texts are considered sublime examples of Gothic fiction. The Gothic genre within Poe’s work such as The Tell-Tale Heart, The Black Cat, and The Raven, arouse the pervasive nature of the dark side of individualism and the resulting encroachment of insani ty. Gothic tales are dominated by fear and terror and explore the themes of death and decay. TheRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s A Tell Tale Heart1289 Words   |  6 Pages Inside the Heart There are many well-known poets, but not many are as unique as Edgar Allan Poe. By the age of 13, Poe had become a creative poet (Biographies). Many of Poe s works were horrific fictional stories. His first book was published in Boston in 1827, called Tamerlane and other Poems. More of Poe s major works include Tales of the Grotesque a d Arabesque, which included his most spine tingling tales such as Ligeia and The Fall of the House of Usher. Most of Poe s works haveRead MoreThe Black Cat And The Tell Tale Heart957 Words   |  4 Pagesthe two short stories â€Å"The Black Cat† and â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† Poe uses characterization to portray the guilt of the narrator. â€Å"The Black Cat† short story’s writing has a morbid effect on readers and describes the torments of guilt. In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† Poe explores the effects of the subconscious mind, the suppressing of guilt and the narrator’s guilt forcing him to confess.† â€Å"The Black Cat† is written with violent language to create a grotesque effect on the reader, in an effort to portrayRead More##arison Of Gothic Fiction In Young Goodman Brown And The Tell-Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe746 Words   |  3 PagesPoe. Horror, death, supernatural events, the grotesque, the dark, and sometimes even the romantic are key characteristics of the Gothic genre. There are the obviously Gothic stories of Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne and The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe but also the less recognizable Gothic stories such as A Clean Well-Lighted Place written by Ernest Hemingway. These three stories take different approaches on what makes them at heart a true Gothic story. Diction plays an importantRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1035 Words   |  5 Pagesexemplar of 19th century horror-suspense literature, that not only proved popular and influential in its day, but continues to stand spine-to-spine with Bram Stoker s Dracula, and Mary Shelley s Frankenstein as enduring genre classics. By centering his tale in the seething cultural hotpot of Soho in the 1800 s Stevenson was able to seize on the popular fears of well-to-do English readers all too aware of the dichotomy of violence and squalor in the district. In fact, the novel stands as a playful repudiationRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Tell Tale Heart1289 Words   |  6 PagesAmong the many strange and complex short stories of Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart has come to be known as one of the most mysterious and psychologically intriguing. Poes preoccupations with death, with madness, and with troubled human relationships all find their culmination in this brief narrative. The murder of the old man and its aftermath, which form the center of the story, are told with dazzling clarity, a clarity that itself obscures the meaning of the act and calls into question the emotionalRead MoreChaucer s Prologue Of The Miller s Tale Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Prologue to the Miller’s Tale†, the Millerâ €™s physically disgusting appearance closely matches his grotesque morality of heart. The prologue opens at the closing of the Knight’s tale, as the Host asks the Monk to rival the tale with a noble story of his own. However, the Miller barges in and doesn’t hesitate to belligerently interrupt the conversation by claiming that he has a noble story of his own to share. Despite attempts to silence the Miller, he proceeds to tell his tale, exhibiting a lack of compassionRead MoreLiterary Critics Of Edgar Allan Poe1693 Words   |  7 Pagesfrustration. Poe was educated in multiple languages and had a wide-range vocabulary. Often times he was inclined to use words just because of the way they sounded. Words such as;  ¨avarice, agony, aghast, crypt, demoniacal, frenzied, ghastly, and grotesque ¨ are just some of the descriptive words he used to give more of an effect to the reader so that they could  ¨feel ¨ the story better. Edgar Allan Poe’s rise came during the Romantic period, and because of this his works focused on composing literaryRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allen Poe s The Cask 1563 Words   |  7 PagesNovember, 2015 Gothic Elements in Poe’s Captivating Stories Edgar Allen Poe can be described as a master of gothic literature. Poe enjoyed incorporating the gothic theme into his stories (â€Å"The Cask† 52). The free dictionary website describes gothicism as a style in fictional literature characterized by gloomy settings, violent or grotesque action, and a mood of decay, degeneration, and decadence. Edgar Allen Poe experienced many failures and disappointments throughout the course of his life. The deaths

Hamlet leadership free essay sample

Hamlet is one of the everlasting plays written by Shakespeare in 1603. Hamlet is based on a true story, which demonstrates the young Prince of Denmark â€Å"Prince Hamlet† who’s Father was killed by his own brother Claudius. All the characters in Hamlet fight for power, Gertrude married Claudius so she can stay a queen, Prince Hamlet is unhappy about his uncle getting the crown even though he was supposed to be getting the crown. Worst of them all is Claudius who is driven by his greed to commit his own brother’s murder for the crown and the queen. Character of Claudius in â€Å"Hamlet† demonstrates to the reader that Human nature is fundamentally very greedy, power hungry and vengeful because of leadership, which is demonstrated by, Shakespeare through the literary devices such soliloquy and metaphor. Claudius’s power hunger blinded his human nature. Murdering the king, stealing his crown and the queen are not the only things Claudius had done. Claudius married Gertrude right after the death of King Hamlet and gave out a speech in order to get accepted by the nobles of the court in which he says â€Å"Though yet of Hamlet our dear brother’s death†¦ Therefore our sometime sister, now our queen, Th imperial jointress to this warlike state, Have we—as ’twere with a defeated joy, with an auspicious and a dropping eye, with mirth in funeral and with dirge in marriage (1. 2. 13). According to this speech by Claudius he clearly states to the people in the court that his urgent and sinful marriage to Gertrude had happened because for the better of the kingdom. This soliloquy by Claudius Is obviously for Hamlet to forget his Fathers death because of the fear that the more he bring up his fathers death the more likely people would look into it. In order for him to convince the nobles of court he keeps going on with the speech and says â€Å"Young Fortinbras, Holding a weak supposal of our worth Or thinking by our late dear brother’s death Our state to be disjoint and out of frame, †¦. So much for him† (1. 2. 13). According to this now Claudius relates back to when King Hamlet took the land from Norway and now since the army from Norway is trying to attack Denmark again, Claudius totally avoids the war and wins the nobles in the court. Power hunger in Claudius is so strong that he would do anything to keep his queen and the crown by having the people of Denmark by his side. Human Nature changes once it comes to leadership and crown. A great example of it is presented in â€Å"Hamlet† through the soliloquy of Claudius. Claudius is so greedy and blinded for his crown that when he confesses for his sins he says, â€Å"O, my offence is rank it smells to heaven; It hath the primal eldest curse upon’†¦ All may be well† (3. 3. 37). According to this Claudius says his crime is so bad that god can smell it. The â€Å"primal eldest curse† is the reference to the murder of Abel by his brother Cain and in this case Claudius is presented as Cain. Then he says, â€Å"My crown, mine own ambition, and my queen. May one be pardoned and retain th offense? † (3. 3.37) According to this Claudius shows how greedy he is since he asks if there are any possibilities if he can keep the crown, his power and the queen and still be forgiven. The entire soliloquy by Claudius demonstrates how Claudius is just asking god for even more favors, which is not an act of confession since he believes whatever he did, was the right thing to do for his ambition. Being greedy while confessing for the crimes Claudius committed are not the only thing Claudius did. Leadership makes Claudius’s human nature to be very devious. Claudius act of sneakiness is the reason behind everyone’s death in the play. Claudius is obviously happy that Hamlet had murdered Polonius. As soon as Laertes hears about his fathers death he comes back to Denmark right away seeking for revenge and this is what Claudius says â€Å"Now must your conscience my acquaintance seal, And you must put me in your heart for friend, Sith you have heard, and with a knowing ear, That he which hath your noble father slain Pursued my life† (4. 7. 5) According to this Claudius is proving himself not guilty and telling Laertes that Hamlet had killed his father not him. â€Å"And you must put me in your heart for friend† Claudius talking to a common person like this definitely demonstrates that he is manipulating Laertes to kill Hamlet. This is backfiring Laertes because when Laertes asked Claudius why did he send Hamlet away? His simple answer was because he was being a good husband and because Gertrude can’t see her son getting hurt. Claudius act of killing Hamlet is very sneaky since he sends Hamlet to England with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern so they can murder him in England and make it look like an accident. Claudius defends himself and his crown by sneaking and most deaths look like accidents that are obviously caused by him. Human nature can be very greedy, power hungry and sneaky when it comes to leadership. This has been demonstrated by Shakespeare play in Hamlet by one of the Evil character Claudius. At first Claudius murders his own brother for crown and the queen and then manipulates the people of Denmark to focus on the present by trying to make them forget about the past and worry about future. He wins peoples attention by avoiding war with Norway. Nonetheless Claudius human nature is filled with such greediness that when he asks for forgiveness he yet still wants to keep his power and queen, which is not an act of forgiveness. Other then being greedy and power hungry Claudius acts of sneakiness not just kills everyone else but himself as well. Being a leader affects ones human nature to become very filthy, Selfish and Sneaky just in order to maintain their power and their status. Being a good leader means maintaining the power and status without changing their human nature.

Savannah technical college

Savannah technical college is an American private institution that focuses on advancements of persons, employers and social groups in the areas of education, economic, labor through training based on market needs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Savannah technical college specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The savannah technical college is run through financial aid provided by savannah technical foundation in addition to about one-third support from Georgia government. The institute provides certificate, diploma and degree programs in there various institutions, through correspondence and distance learning. Based on market needs the institute mostly concentrates in the disciplines of economic, health and industrial technology that stimulates economic growth. The management of savannah technical institute works closely with all stake holders for finances and to come up with programs that meet the demand of the fast growing economy. Through constant consultation between the management of savannah technical college and partners, a very strong team has been formed that helps to run the institution in an effective and efficient manner. With modern facilities and equipments, the institute is able to come up with more accurate research work, which is able to meet the challenges of economic developments, as well as providing the student with job opportunities. From these efforts the savannah technical college has been able to be the leading labor development centre in the state of Georgia. The institute makes follow up of former students in their places of employments to find out if the training offered is being utilized for economic advancement, this includes warranty to employers on the graduates. If the employer finds the employees performance wanting and notifies the savannah technical college management within two years upon graduation they recalls the student for a free retraining. This noble a ction has instilled confidence to the employers, who prefer graduates from this institute as well as making partners feel obliged to offer more support towards providing this highly skilled work force with ability to drive fast the economy. The department of office institution effectiveness evaluates quality of services and performance as well as offering long term planning strategies. The institute’s faculty senate comes up with advice and presents its proposal to the president for assent part of which becomes the training guide principle. Some of the suggestions entails administration, recruiting, students welfare and education curriculum.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Savannah technical institute put student’s service first with the aim of ensuring their students excel in academics and in the job market. The department of student’s affair centre deals with en trance of new students, financial support and finding job for its students. To ensure high level of discipline and conduct is maintained among student the institute provides strict regulations that prohibits students from possessing weapon of any kind, from carrying alcohol or consuming alcohol and cigarettes within the institute encumbrances. In any case, where the student is found to violate this rule the funding agency should be furnished with this report on time and a punishment is given, which includes summary dismissal from the college. The management ensures all students are conversant with the college attendance and punctuality regulations, whereby the student must commit him/herself before registration. This is important because the students get enough time to train and get the necessary academic requirements to go to the next level .Savannah technical college runs an e-learning program, which mostly helps to reach their former students for refreshing courses, and new techn ologies, which make then more competent in their fields of work. This essay on Savannah technical college was written and submitted by user Orion B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Leader is Nothing Without His Followers Essays

A Leader is Nothing Without His Followers Essays A Leader is Nothing Without His Followers Essay A Leader is Nothing Without His Followers Essay In the June of 1941, Adolf Hitler commenced the killing of many Jews within Germany. Some would not sympathize with him and will say he is a heartless man. However, due to the fact that many Jews have been big business owners back then and have had many advantages over the rest of society. A marxist, whose theory states that â€Å"the workers(the poor, the proletariat) could overthrow the owners(the rich, the bourgeoisie)†(social class/marxist criticism), would feel a little bit more sympathetic towards Hitler for his action. Some marxist, can view Hitler’s action as a way of overthrowing the bourgeoisie. A similar situation, where the rich takes advantage of the poor, can be seen within Arthur Miller’s play, Death of a Salesman. A marxist will view Willy Loman, the protagonist of the play, as a victim of commercial success, which is unfair, distractive, and destructive. WIthin modern society, Donald Trump is regarded as a very successful business man, but for him to become successful he has cheated many companies and banks, just so that he can become successful. As seen in Miller’s play, Biff Loman and Willy Loman are used like objects by their bosses at some point in their lives. When Biff tries to go and borrow some money from his former boss, Bill Oliver, to start a business, Bill â€Å"didn’t remember who [Biff] was or anything†(Miller 81). As seen here Bill has used Biff in the past and now he does not even regard Biff as anything. Furthermore, Willy, whom works for Howard, has also been treated like an object by his boss. Willy’s â€Å"job is a job without pay†(Miller 74). Howard is not even willing to pay Willy, who has â€Å"put thirty-four years into [Howard’s firm]†(Miller 61). Howard’s action shows one that Willy is clearly being used as a stepping stone so that Howard and his firm can become successful. One must not take advantage of the poor and ignore them afterwards, as Willy describes, â€Å"you can’t eat

Free Essays on Truth And Reconciliaton Commissions

Truth and Reconciliation Commissions Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (TRC’s) were enacted in order to determine how to appropriately deal with situations in which abuses of human rights violations have ceased, but societies are confused about how exactly to come to terms with events that took place. The main objective of these commissions is to investigate and determine how and why specific events transpired, especially in cases where people seemed to have just â€Å"vanished†. TRC’s also face the challenge of determining responsibility and assigning appropriate punishment. The forces that led people to commit such crimes must be considered. In the most serious cases, the crimes are attributable to absolutely indefensible behavior by people who knew exactly what they were doing. In other cases, crimes may have been committed by low ranking officials who were â€Å"just following orders.† Still, other crimes resulted from the effects of a heightened hysteria which can cause people to do things that they would otherwise never consider. This results in a no- win situation in which both sides are committing retaliatory crimes against one another. Reconciliation for past war crimes often results in a difficult situation. Victims of these terrible crimes find it absolutely impossible to simply forget these horrible acts and continue to live in a society where the perpetrators walk about as if nothing happened. For them, some measure, albeit any measure, of justice can likely be an important step in the healing process. However, if the victims of such crimes intend on holding everyone responsible for all crimes committed, then the result is likely to be a resurgence of emotionally charged fighting, rather than reconciliation and healing. Here strategies that combine a search for truth and justice, linked with amnesty and forgiveness are likely to be essential. Some argue against TRC’s for throwing salt in old wounds, or diggi... Free Essays on Truth And Reconciliaton Commissions Free Essays on Truth And Reconciliaton Commissions Truth and Reconciliation Commissions Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (TRC’s) were enacted in order to determine how to appropriately deal with situations in which abuses of human rights violations have ceased, but societies are confused about how exactly to come to terms with events that took place. The main objective of these commissions is to investigate and determine how and why specific events transpired, especially in cases where people seemed to have just â€Å"vanished†. TRC’s also face the challenge of determining responsibility and assigning appropriate punishment. The forces that led people to commit such crimes must be considered. In the most serious cases, the crimes are attributable to absolutely indefensible behavior by people who knew exactly what they were doing. In other cases, crimes may have been committed by low ranking officials who were â€Å"just following orders.† Still, other crimes resulted from the effects of a heightened hysteria which can cause people to do things that they would otherwise never consider. This results in a no- win situation in which both sides are committing retaliatory crimes against one another. Reconciliation for past war crimes often results in a difficult situation. Victims of these terrible crimes find it absolutely impossible to simply forget these horrible acts and continue to live in a society where the perpetrators walk about as if nothing happened. For them, some measure, albeit any measure, of justice can likely be an important step in the healing process. However, if the victims of such crimes intend on holding everyone responsible for all crimes committed, then the result is likely to be a resurgence of emotionally charged fighting, rather than reconciliation and healing. Here strategies that combine a search for truth and justice, linked with amnesty and forgiveness are likely to be essential. Some argue against TRC’s for throwing salt in old wounds, or diggi...

Comptemporary issues in business pshcholgy 1 Essay

Comptemporary issues in business pshcholgy 1 - Essay Example Prior to psychoanalysis’s inception, phrenology was the popular psychology of the Victorian era (Wohl, 1996). The study of the skull formation and its resultant implications of the individual’s intelligence and place on the evolutionary scale was simple, easy, and accessible, and more often than not it was used to justify racism and other political agendas (Wohl, 1996). But at the turn of the century, psychoanalysis gained popularity under Freud, who, after observing the infamous case of Anna O., a woman who suffered from hysteria due to past experiences, pioneered the theory that all human beings are driven by unconscious urges (Boeree, 1997). The mind suddenly became much more complex than the shape of the skull and psychoanalysis called to the forefront how well a person can truly know and understand himself. Psychoanalysis and its break-off, psycho-dynamic psychology, analyse the mind as a series of unconscious layers. As a person experiences different struggles and traumas, his experiences impact his unconscious mind, which prompts him to unknowingly develop a maladapted function, or Defence Mechanism (Wikipedia, 2006). Psycho-dynamic psychology ultimately seeks to reveal the causes of an individual’s maladapted function. An example of psycho-dynamic psychology at work is in the character of Nora Helmer, of Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House (1998). Nora Helmer is a housewife that embodies all of the outward ideals of Victorian propriety while harbouring a secret that could ruin her marriage and her family. Her relationship with her husband is complex and flawed. He refers to her as his â€Å"little lark† and his â€Å"squirrel†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ small, flighty, and vulnerable animals. Torvald Helmer seems to cherish and adore his wife, but in reality sees her as a charge or a child that must be taught and guided, and Nora not only complies with this image, but